概念定义

并发的问题

• 内存屏障
  • asm volatile("" ::: "memory")
  • __sync_synchronize()

Lock

• spinlock: 持有锁时中断，其它进程等待浪费时间
  • Evaluating
    • Correctness
      • safety: 任意时刻至多一个
      • liveness: 至少一个
    • Fairness
    • Performance
• spinlock+cli: (只有其它cpu可能在同一临界区spin)
  • 中断丢失可能严重损害I/O性能
  • 互斥的代码本身就需要等待中断
• mutex lock
  • yield
  • sleeping with queue

并发数据结构

counter

• single lock: not scalable
• approximate counter: accuracy/performance trade-off

list

• hand-over-hand locking

queue

hash table

Condition Variables

• condition variable: an explicit queue that threads can put themselves on when some condition is waiting other thread
  • wait: release the lock and put the calling thread to sleep
  • wakeup: re-acquire the lock
  • signal: wake another thread
  • broadcast: wake all other threads
• Always hold the lock while signaling

//wait
lock(&m)
while (done==0) wait(&c,&m)
unlock(&m)

//signal
lock(&m)
done=1
signal(&c)
unlock(&m)

Semaphores

• semaphore: an object with an integar value that we can manipulate with two routines: sem_wait() and sem_post()
  • sem_init(&s, 0, s)
  • P: sem_wait : s–, if s<0 wait
    • the negative value equals waiting threads
  • V: sem_post : s++, if exists waiting threads, wake one
• semaphore as lock (binary semaphore)
  • sem_init(&s, 0, 1)
  • sem_wait() ... sem_post()
• semaphore for ordering (signal variable)
  • sem_init(&s, 0, 0)
• Implement of Semaphores

void zem_wait(){
  lock(&s->lock);
  while (s->value<=0) wait(&s->cond, &s->lock);
  s->value--;
  unlock(&s->lock);
}

void zem_post(){
  lock(&s->lock);
  s->value++;
  signal(&s->cond);
  unlock(&s->lock);
}

实际应用

Producer/Consumer Problem

//Lock Version
void *producer() {
  for (i=0; i<loops; ++i){
    lock(&m);
    while (count == MAX) wait(&empty, &m);
    put(i);
    signal(&fill);
    unlock(&m);
  }
}

void *consumer() {
  for (i=0; i<loops; ++i){
    lock(&m);
    while (count==0) wait(&fill, &m);
    get(i);
    signal(&empty);
    unlock(&m);
  }
}

//Semaphore Version
void *producer(){
  for (i=0; i<loops; ++i){
    sem_wait(&emtpy); // It is atomic so it can move here
    sem_wait(&mutex);
    put(i);
    sem_post(&mutex);
    sem_post(&full);
  }
}

void *consumer(){
  for (i=0; i<loops; ++i){
    sem_wait(&full); // It is atomic so it can move here
    sem_wait(&mutex);
    put(i);
    sem_post(&mutex);
    sem_wait(&empty);
  }
}

sem_init(&empty, 0, MAX);
sem_init(&full, 0, 0);
sem_init(&mutex, 0, 1);

Reader-Writer Locks

• first reader aquires writelock
• last reader releases writelock

The Dining Philosophers

• big lock (not scalable)
• Lock Ordering
• add manager

并发 bug

• Deadlock: ABBA
  • Cause
    • circular dependencies
    • encapsulation
    • Live lock: harder to handle
  • Prevention: 见表格
  • Avoidance
    • Scheduling
  • detect and recover

• 原子性违反(AV): ABA
  • Cause:
    • 临界区间忘记上锁
    • serialization violated
  • solution: lock
• 顺序违反(OV): BA
  • Cause
    • order flipped
    • use after free
  • solution: condition variables
• 数据竞争
  • 两个线程对同一个共享变量的非只读并发访问

Event-based Concurrency

• 解决问题
  • managing concurrency correctly in multi-threaded application is challenging
  • has little control over what is scheduled at a given moment in time
• event loop

while (1){
  events = getEvents();
  for (e in events)
      processEvent(e);
}

• select/poll
  • check whether there is any incoming I/O that should be attended to
  • select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *errorfds, struct timeval *timeout)
  • poll(struct pollfd fds[], nfds+t nfds, int timeout)
• Problem: Blocking System Calls
  • solution: Asynchronous I/O
    • 轮训或signal
  • State Management
• 同步/异步：线程关系，消息通知机制
  • 同步：一次性完成
  • 异步：两次完成
• 阻塞/非阻塞：等待调用结果时的状态
  • 阻塞：做一件事
  • 非阻塞：做多件事
• cpu密集型/io密集型
• 协同式调度/抢占式调度

Thread API (pthread.h)

Thread

Lock

Condition